Medication Suffixes
(-olol) beta 1 blockers (adrenergic)
(-cillin, -micin) antibiotics
(-vastatin) antihyperlipidemia, antihypercholesterolimia
(-tidine) anti-ulcerant, H2 receptor antagonist; preventive treatment, no signs of ulcers
(-pine) Ca-channel blocker, anti-HPN; affects the blood vessel of heart
(-rin) anticoagulant, anti-HPN; affects the blood vessels of the heart
(-dol) non-opioid analgesic
(-done) opioid analgesics
(-sone) corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory
(-nitrate) anti-anginal, vasodilator
(-nol) antigout
(-mine) anti-histamine
(-sartan) ACE II antagonist, affects the kidney
(-kinase) anti-thrombolitic, thrombolitic agent
(-pril) ACE I inhibitors, affects the kidney
(-mide) loop diuretics
(-lactone) potassium-sparing diuretics
(-prazole) proton-pump inhibitors; with evidence of ulcers scars
(-mol) bronchodilators, beta 2 adrenergic; for DOB
(-pium) beta 2 adrenergic; for DOB, relaxes bronchi
(-aluminum, magnesium, hydroxide) antacids
(-zepam, -lam) anti-anxiety, major tranquilizers
(caine) local anesthetics
(-ide) oral hypoglycemics
(-nium) neuromuscular blocking agent
(-vir) antivirals
Monday, June 28, 2010
EKG
EKG
Electrocardiogram or EKG – measures the electrical activity of the heart Electrical conduction
AUTOMATICITY – ability of the heart muscle to initiate an electrical impulse
1. SA Node (normal pacemaker of the heart)
2. AV junction
3. Bundle of His
4. Purkinje fibers
P wave – Atrial depolarization
QRS Complex – Ventricular depolarization
T wave – Ventricular repolarization
U wave – may or may not be seen; repolarization of Purkinje fibers; Hypokalemia
PR Interval – from the onset of P wave to the onset of QRS complex
QRS Complex – amount of time the ventricles depolarize
NURSING INTERVENTIONS:
1. Avoid bony areas/ scar tissues/ skin folds/ increased muscle mass
2. Perform a 10 cm shaving around the area; AVOID if possible
3. Dry the skin with the use of gauze
4. Remove excess skin oils EXCEPT for geriatric pts
5. Dry with gauze
6. Place the electrodes. Make sure the center is moist; otherwise, discard.
7. EQUIPMENT Trouble shooting
• Horizontal axis - represents the time in seconds (sec)
1 small square = 0.02 seconds
5 small squares = 1.0 seconds
• Vertical axis - represents the amplitude in millivolts (mv)
1 small square = 0.1 mv
5 small squares = 0.5 mv
2 big squares = 1.o mv
NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM (60-100 bpm)
Sinus Bradycardia
atrial rate of 50 or <60>
Sinus Tachycardia
atrial rate of >100 bpm
due to anxiety, blood loss, Fever, Pain
SINUS ARRYTHMIA:
Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) or Premature Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
>150 – 250 bpm
due to CADse, Mitral valve dse, Thyrotoxicosis
INTERVENTION:
• Valsalva maneuver + Exhale slowly
• Rest
• Medications to sedate
• Medications to slow electrical conduction to the heart (VERAPAMIL HCL)
Atrial Flutter
due to inflammation, fluid overload
INTERVENTION:
• Medications to slow ventricular rate (DIGITALIS)
• Anti arrhythmics – Procainamide HCL
• Synchronized cardioversion
Atrial fibrillation
due to alcoholism
350 – 600 bpm
decreased CO
INTERVENTION:
• Administer medications (Digitalis, Verapamil HCL)
• Synchronized cardioversion
1st degree AV Block
damaged hearts due to ischemia, Rheumatic fever, Infection
INTERVENTION:
• Atropine Sulfate (IV- 0.5 mg)
2nd degree AV block
Mobitz Type 1 AV Block/ Wenckebach
due acute RF, MI, Digitalis toxicity
2nd degree AV Block
Mobitz Type 2 AV Block
due to Pulmonary edema, Digitalis toxicity, worsened MI dse
INTERVENTION:
• Atropine Sulfate ( IV – 0.5 mg)
• Isoproterenol
3rd degree AV Block
Pacemakers (Permanent, Delayed, Demand, Fixed rate, AV Pacemaker)
Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVCs)
common in Type A personality
due to CADse, can precede dysrrhythmias, Acute MI/ Ischemia
INTERVENTION:
• Lidocaine HCL (IV bolus, initially then thru Infusion)
• Atropine Sulfate IV
COUPLETS – IV Lidocaine
Multiform/ Multifocal PVCs – Bolus Lidocaine
Ventricular Tachycardia
Due to mild Congestive heart failure
Tachyarrhytmia
>150 bpm / HPN
INTERVENTION:
• IV Lidocaine
• Procainamide
• Precordial thump (obsolete)
Electrocardiogram or EKG – measures the electrical activity of the heart Electrical conduction
AUTOMATICITY – ability of the heart muscle to initiate an electrical impulse
1. SA Node (normal pacemaker of the heart)
2. AV junction
3. Bundle of His
4. Purkinje fibers
P wave – Atrial depolarization
QRS Complex – Ventricular depolarization
T wave – Ventricular repolarization
U wave – may or may not be seen; repolarization of Purkinje fibers; Hypokalemia
PR Interval – from the onset of P wave to the onset of QRS complex
QRS Complex – amount of time the ventricles depolarize
NURSING INTERVENTIONS:
1. Avoid bony areas/ scar tissues/ skin folds/ increased muscle mass
2. Perform a 10 cm shaving around the area; AVOID if possible
3. Dry the skin with the use of gauze
4. Remove excess skin oils EXCEPT for geriatric pts
5. Dry with gauze
6. Place the electrodes. Make sure the center is moist; otherwise, discard.
7. EQUIPMENT Trouble shooting
• Horizontal axis - represents the time in seconds (sec)
1 small square = 0.02 seconds
5 small squares = 1.0 seconds
• Vertical axis - represents the amplitude in millivolts (mv)
1 small square = 0.1 mv
5 small squares = 0.5 mv
2 big squares = 1.o mv
NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM (60-100 bpm)
Sinus Bradycardia
atrial rate of 50 or <60>
Sinus Tachycardia
atrial rate of >100 bpm
due to anxiety, blood loss, Fever, Pain
SINUS ARRYTHMIA:
Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) or Premature Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
>150 – 250 bpm
due to CADse, Mitral valve dse, Thyrotoxicosis
INTERVENTION:
• Valsalva maneuver + Exhale slowly
• Rest
• Medications to sedate
• Medications to slow electrical conduction to the heart (VERAPAMIL HCL)
Atrial Flutter
due to inflammation, fluid overload
INTERVENTION:
• Medications to slow ventricular rate (DIGITALIS)
• Anti arrhythmics – Procainamide HCL
• Synchronized cardioversion
Atrial fibrillation
due to alcoholism
350 – 600 bpm
decreased CO
INTERVENTION:
• Administer medications (Digitalis, Verapamil HCL)
• Synchronized cardioversion
1st degree AV Block
damaged hearts due to ischemia, Rheumatic fever, Infection
INTERVENTION:
• Atropine Sulfate (IV- 0.5 mg)
2nd degree AV block
Mobitz Type 1 AV Block/ Wenckebach
due acute RF, MI, Digitalis toxicity
2nd degree AV Block
Mobitz Type 2 AV Block
due to Pulmonary edema, Digitalis toxicity, worsened MI dse
INTERVENTION:
• Atropine Sulfate ( IV – 0.5 mg)
• Isoproterenol
3rd degree AV Block
Pacemakers (Permanent, Delayed, Demand, Fixed rate, AV Pacemaker)
Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVCs)
common in Type A personality
due to CADse, can precede dysrrhythmias, Acute MI/ Ischemia
INTERVENTION:
• Lidocaine HCL (IV bolus, initially then thru Infusion)
• Atropine Sulfate IV
COUPLETS – IV Lidocaine
Multiform/ Multifocal PVCs – Bolus Lidocaine
Ventricular Tachycardia
Due to mild Congestive heart failure
Tachyarrhytmia
>150 bpm / HPN
INTERVENTION:
• IV Lidocaine
• Procainamide
• Precordial thump (obsolete)
Medical mnemonics
Medical mnemonics
HYPERNATREMIA
FRIED SALT
F - Fever (low), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention & increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth
SALT
S - Skin flushed
A - Agitation
L - Low-grade fever
T - Thirst
HYPERKALEMIA - Signs & Symptoms
MURDER
M - Muscle weakness
U - Urine, oliguria, anuria
R - Respiratory distress
D - Decreased cardiac contractility
E - ECG changes
R - Reflexes, hyperreflexia, or areflexia (flaccid)
HYPERKALEMIA - Causes
MACHINE
M - Medications - ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS
A - Acidosis - Metabolic and respiratory
C - Cellular destruction - Burns, traumatic injury
H - Hypoaldosteronism/ hemolysis
I - Intake - Excessive
N - Nephrons, renal failure
E - Excretion - Impaired
HYPOCALCEMIA
CATS
C - Convulsions
A - Arrhythmias
T - Tetany
S - Spasms and stridor
BLEEDING - S/Sx
BEEP
B - Bleeding gums
E - Ecchymoses (bruises)
E - Epistaxis (nosebleed)
P - Petechiae (tiny purplish spots)
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION - inducing drugs
STOP breathing
S - Sedatives and hypnotics
T - Trimethoprim
O - Opiates
P - Polymyxins
PNEUMOTHORAX - S/Sx
P-THORAX
P - Pleuretic pain
T - Trachea deviation
H - Hyperresonance
O - Onset sudden
R - Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
A - Absent fremitus
X - X-ray shows collapse
PNEUMONIA - risk factors
INSPIRATION
I - Immunosuppression
N - Neoplasia
S - Secretion retention
P - Pulmonary oedema
I - Impaired alveolar macrophages
R - RTI (prior)
A - Antibiotics & cytotoxics
T - Tracheal instrumentation
I - IV dug abuse
O - Other (general debility, immobility)
N - Neurologic impairment of cough reflex, (eg NMJ disorders)
CROUP - S/Sx
SSS
S - Stridor
S - Subglottic swelling
S - Seal-bark cough
SHORTNESS OF BREATH - Causes
AAAA PPPP
A - Airway obstruction
A - Angina
A - Anxiety
A - Asthma
P - Pneumonia
P - Pneumothorax
P - Pulmonary Edema
P - Pulmonary Embolus
HYPERNATREMIA
FRIED SALT
F - Fever (low), flushed skin
R - Restless (irritable)
I - Increased fluid retention & increased BP
E - Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D - Decreased urinary output, dry mouth
SALT
S - Skin flushed
A - Agitation
L - Low-grade fever
T - Thirst
HYPERKALEMIA - Signs & Symptoms
MURDER
M - Muscle weakness
U - Urine, oliguria, anuria
R - Respiratory distress
D - Decreased cardiac contractility
E - ECG changes
R - Reflexes, hyperreflexia, or areflexia (flaccid)
HYPERKALEMIA - Causes
MACHINE
M - Medications - ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS
A - Acidosis - Metabolic and respiratory
C - Cellular destruction - Burns, traumatic injury
H - Hypoaldosteronism/ hemolysis
I - Intake - Excessive
N - Nephrons, renal failure
E - Excretion - Impaired
HYPOCALCEMIA
CATS
C - Convulsions
A - Arrhythmias
T - Tetany
S - Spasms and stridor
BLEEDING - S/Sx
BEEP
B - Bleeding gums
E - Ecchymoses (bruises)
E - Epistaxis (nosebleed)
P - Petechiae (tiny purplish spots)
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION - inducing drugs
STOP breathing
S - Sedatives and hypnotics
T - Trimethoprim
O - Opiates
P - Polymyxins
PNEUMOTHORAX - S/Sx
P-THORAX
P - Pleuretic pain
T - Trachea deviation
H - Hyperresonance
O - Onset sudden
R - Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
A - Absent fremitus
X - X-ray shows collapse
PNEUMONIA - risk factors
INSPIRATION
I - Immunosuppression
N - Neoplasia
S - Secretion retention
P - Pulmonary oedema
I - Impaired alveolar macrophages
R - RTI (prior)
A - Antibiotics & cytotoxics
T - Tracheal instrumentation
I - IV dug abuse
O - Other (general debility, immobility)
N - Neurologic impairment of cough reflex, (eg NMJ disorders)
CROUP - S/Sx
SSS
S - Stridor
S - Subglottic swelling
S - Seal-bark cough
SHORTNESS OF BREATH - Causes
AAAA PPPP
A - Airway obstruction
A - Angina
A - Anxiety
A - Asthma
P - Pneumonia
P - Pneumothorax
P - Pulmonary Edema
P - Pulmonary Embolus
Daddy
Daddy,,,,
Ipagpaumanhin nyo ni Mommy ang pagsulat ko sa inyo
para ipaalam na akoy aalis na sa inyong poder.
Ako'y sasama na sa aking bagong boyfriend na si
Mark dahil gusto kong takasan na kayo ni Mommy. Natagpuan ko na kay Mark and tunay na pagmamahal at napakabait nya sa akin, napaka malambing nya hindi tulad ng iba kong naging boyfriend. Alam ko na pag nakilala nyo sya ay magugustuhan nyo din siya, lalo na ang kanyang mga hikaw, tattoo nya sa lahat ng parte ng kanyang katawan at ang pang motorsiklo nyang damit.
Hindi lang sa pagkakaiba nya Dad kaya ko sya mahal na mahal, eto ay dahil sa buntis ako at sabi ni Mark na gusto nyang magkaanak sya sa akin para lalo kaming sumaya sa aming pagsasama. Kahit na matanda sya sa akin (42 na sya Dad, di pa naman matanda sa ngayon and edad nya
diba?) kahit na wala syang pera, di naman eto hadlang sa aming relasyon,
hindi ba Dad? Syanga pala Dad, maraming CD collection si Mark, meron din
syang trailer na truck na kung saan doon kami magsasama, pinakang bahay na namin ang trailer, at marami na rin syang stock na panggatong para magamit namin sa buong buwan ng taglamig. Totoo na meron pa syang ibang girlfriend pero alam ko na magiging tapat sya sa akin sa kanyang sariling pamamaraan, sa katunayan gusto nyang marami kaming anak at eto ang isa sa aking ambisyon. Tinuruan na nga pala nya akong humithit ng marijuana at masarap ang pakiramdam, sa katunayan nagtanim na sya para ipagpalit sa aming mga kaibigan ng shabu, ecstasy na gusto namin.
Dad, sana ipagdasal mo na matuklasan na ang gamot sa AIDS para gumaling na si Mark, kasi deserving naman sya na gumaling!! Huwag kang mag alala Dad 15 years old na ako at alam ko na kung paano pangalagaan ang aking sarili.
Makikita mo Dad, ipagmamalaki mo rin ako at balang araw bibisita kami sa
inyo para naman makilala mo ang iyong mga apo.
Nagmamahal mong anak,
Clarence
PS: Dad, hindi totoo mga sinabi ko sa sulat. Nandito lang ako sa kapitbahay, pinapaalala ko lang sa iyo na mas marami pang dapat ikatakot sa buhay kesa aking report card na nasa drawer. Pakipirmahan na lang po at tawagan ako kung safe na akong umuwi dyan sa bahay.
I love you
Ipagpaumanhin nyo ni Mommy ang pagsulat ko sa inyo
para ipaalam na akoy aalis na sa inyong poder.
Ako'y sasama na sa aking bagong boyfriend na si
Mark dahil gusto kong takasan na kayo ni Mommy. Natagpuan ko na kay Mark and tunay na pagmamahal at napakabait nya sa akin, napaka malambing nya hindi tulad ng iba kong naging boyfriend. Alam ko na pag nakilala nyo sya ay magugustuhan nyo din siya, lalo na ang kanyang mga hikaw, tattoo nya sa lahat ng parte ng kanyang katawan at ang pang motorsiklo nyang damit.
Hindi lang sa pagkakaiba nya Dad kaya ko sya mahal na mahal, eto ay dahil sa buntis ako at sabi ni Mark na gusto nyang magkaanak sya sa akin para lalo kaming sumaya sa aming pagsasama. Kahit na matanda sya sa akin (42 na sya Dad, di pa naman matanda sa ngayon and edad nya
diba?) kahit na wala syang pera, di naman eto hadlang sa aming relasyon,
hindi ba Dad? Syanga pala Dad, maraming CD collection si Mark, meron din
syang trailer na truck na kung saan doon kami magsasama, pinakang bahay na namin ang trailer, at marami na rin syang stock na panggatong para magamit namin sa buong buwan ng taglamig. Totoo na meron pa syang ibang girlfriend pero alam ko na magiging tapat sya sa akin sa kanyang sariling pamamaraan, sa katunayan gusto nyang marami kaming anak at eto ang isa sa aking ambisyon. Tinuruan na nga pala nya akong humithit ng marijuana at masarap ang pakiramdam, sa katunayan nagtanim na sya para ipagpalit sa aming mga kaibigan ng shabu, ecstasy na gusto namin.
Dad, sana ipagdasal mo na matuklasan na ang gamot sa AIDS para gumaling na si Mark, kasi deserving naman sya na gumaling!! Huwag kang mag alala Dad 15 years old na ako at alam ko na kung paano pangalagaan ang aking sarili.
Makikita mo Dad, ipagmamalaki mo rin ako at balang araw bibisita kami sa
inyo para naman makilala mo ang iyong mga apo.
Nagmamahal mong anak,
Clarence
PS: Dad, hindi totoo mga sinabi ko sa sulat. Nandito lang ako sa kapitbahay, pinapaalala ko lang sa iyo na mas marami pang dapat ikatakot sa buhay kesa aking report card na nasa drawer. Pakipirmahan na lang po at tawagan ako kung safe na akong umuwi dyan sa bahay.
I love you
Friday, June 25, 2010
Wednesday, June 23, 2010
Tuesday, June 22, 2010
Thursday, June 17, 2010
Saturday, June 12, 2010
Friday, June 11, 2010
THERAPEUTIC SERUM MEDICATION LEVELS
http://www.4shared.com/document/pHQMf9-m/THERAPEUTIC_SERUM_MEDICATION_L.html
Signs of Illness and Injury
http://www.4shared.com/document/eZhdwegb/Signs_of_Illness_and_Injury.html
NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CARDS
http://www.4shared.com/document/VzOk1c4O/NURSING_PATHOPHYSIOLOGY_CARDS.html
Inflammatory Disease of the Heart
http://www.4shared.com/document/7WVFYonO/Inflammatory_Disease_of_the_He.html
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